Liquid Dietary Supplement Formulation Compositions

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to liquid dietary supplement formulation compositions that provide dietary minerals and additional optional ingredients beneficial for health; methods of design and manufacture of such compositions; and methods to enable convenient oral ingestion of the formulation ingredients, by adding the formulations to drinking water, beverages, foods, or meals. The formulation compositions of this invention generally include water, water-soluble calcium compound(s), water-soluble magnesium compound(s), and additional optional ingredients, wherein the sum of the concentrations of the calcium and magnesium compounds is most preferably 2 molar or more, up to the point of saturation. The formulations of this invention possess inherent resistance to microbial growth. The formulations of this invention and variations thereof can be used as dietary supplements to increase intake of beneficial minerals, to mineralize water, to fortify foods or beverages, and can also be used to prepare a variety of additional liquid formulations by varying the calcium and magnesium compounds, and/or by adding one or more compatible ingredient(s).

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/569,790 filed on Dec. 13, 2011.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to dietary supplements and morespecifically it relates to liquid dietary supplement formulationcompositions that generally include water-soluble dietary minerals andadditional optional ingredients that are beneficial for health; methodsof designing and producing such formulation compositions, and methods toenable convenient oral ingestion of the formulation ingredients, byadding the formulations to drinking water, beverages, or meals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and plays both astructural and functional role in maintaining human health. While mostof the body's calcium is stored in the bones and teeth, calcium alsoserves a critical role in processes such as vascular contraction andvasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, and hormonalsecretion. The calcium ion is also a ubiquitous cellular messenger, andstimulates a variety of enzymes and other target proteins.

There are a number of factors that put people at risk for diseasesassociated with inadequate calcium intake. Calcium absorption decreasesin adulthood and continues to decrease as people age. In aging adults,bone breakdown exceeds formation, resulting in bone loss. In women,menopause leads to bone loss because decreases in estrogen productionboth increase bone resorption and decrease calcium absorption. Negativeeffects on calcium balance have also been observed in amenorrhic womenof childbearing age. Further, a number of people who avoid dairyproducts due to lactose intolerance or veganism are also at risk forcalcium inadequacy. Bone health measures serve as a basis for derivingmeasures such as Recommended Dietary Allowances for calcium, andinadequate calcium intake increases the risk for osteoporosis, adisorder characterized by porous and fragile bones which affects morethan 10 million U.S. adults. In addition to its effects on bone health,calcium intake has been proposed to have beneficial effects on reducingcardiovascular disease risk, lowering blood pressure, and prevention ofcolorectal cancer and prostate cancer.

Magnesium is another essential mineral in the body. About half of totalbody magnesium is found in bone, while the other half is found withinbody tissues. Magnesium is required for more than 300 biochemicalreactions in the body, and is important for maintaining the function ofmuscles and nerves, supporting the immune system, maintaining bonehealth, regulating blood sugar levels, maintaining normal bloodpressure, and playing a role in energy metabolism and protein synthesis.Dietary studies suggest that many Americans do not get adequate amountsof magnesium. As magnesium absorption is regulated by the intestines andexcretion is regulated by the kidneys, conditions affecting these organsmay result in magnesium deficiency. For example, medicines that affectthe kidneys such as diuretics and some antibiotics and antineoplasticmedications may cause excessive loss of magnesium. Diabetes may resultin magnesium loss due to increased magnesium loss in urine due tohyperglycemia. Alcoholism is associated with low blood levels ofmagnesium, and individuals with chronic malabsorptive problems such asthose with Chrohn's disease, gluten sensitive enteropathy, regionalenteritis, or intestinal surgery are also at risk for magnesiumdeficiency.

Given the number of people at risk for calcium and magnesium deficiency,there is an ongoing need for effective dietary supplements that canprovide or improve an intake of these minerals to help meet nutritionalrequirements while being convenient and easy to use for the consumer.There are many dietary supplements containing calcium and magnesiumcompounds that are commercially available or described in priorliterature. The vast majority of these are solid dosage forms, such astablets, capsules, or powders. Although these supplements are relativelyinexpensive, they have some disadvantages. Absorption of the nutrientsfrom these supplements tends to be quite variable, and large tablets orcapsules are frequently not suitable for pediatric, geriatric and somepatient populations. Liquid dosage forms of calcium and magnesiumpossess some advantages over the solid dosage forms in terms of betterabsorption, convenience of use and dosing flexibility, but are lesscommonly available. The liquid formulations tend to have stabilitylimitations and are vulnerable to microbial growth in the absence ofadditional preservatives. Almost all marketed liquid formulations ofcalcium and magnesium are particulate suspensions that tend to settle,and carry a requirement to “shake well before use”. These products canhave variable absorption, depending upon the suspension characteristics,and can lead to incorrect dosing if not shaken well prior to use. Thereare few liquid products where the calcium and magnesium are completelydissolved in water and present in an ionic state to provide optimalabsorption upon ingestion. However, the calcium and magnesium mineralconcentrations of such formulations are relatively low compared to thoseof the suspension liquid products, and thus require relatively largevolume dosages to meet the recommended daily allowances. Thus, there isa need for improved liquid dietary supplement formulations where calciumand magnesium are present in relatively high concentrations, arecompletely dissolved, and are inherently stable and resistant tomicrobial growth.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to liquid dietary supplementcompositions which include water, water-soluble calcium compound(s),water-soluble magnesium compound(s), and optional ingredients. The totalsum of concentrations of the dissolved calcium and magnesium compoundsis higher than the dissolved concentrations found in currently availableliquid supplements, and is at least 1 Molar. These compositions possessresistance to microbial growth which allows reduction or elimination ofadditional preservatives in the compositions. Thus the compositionspossess some useful features that are not found in the existing solubleliquid compositions of calcium and magnesium.

There have thus been outlined, rather broadly, some of the features ofthe invention in order that the detailed description thereof may bebetter understood, and in order that the present contribution to the artmay be better appreciated. There are additional features of theinvention that will be described hereinafter. In this respect, it is tobe understood that the invention is not limited in its application tothe details of construction or to the arrangements of the components setforth in the following description. The invention is capable of otherembodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways.Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminologyemployed herein are for the purpose of the description and should not beregarded as limiting.

An object of the invention is to provide liquid dietary supplementformulation compositions that are beneficial for health, and aconvenient method of orally ingesting these supplements by adding todrinking water or other suitable beverages.

Another object is to provide formulation compositions that are usefulfor adding beneficial minerals to distilled, reverse-osmosis filtered orotherwise deionized waters, in order to make these waters morebeneficial for health.

Another object is to provide formulation compositions that can be usedas liquid dietary supplements to increase intake of minerals that arebeneficial for human health.

Another object is to provide liquid formulation compositions thatinhibit or prevent microbial growth, and into which additionalcompatible minerals, vitamins, and/or other useful ingredients can beadded to enable a variety of liquid dietary supplements.

Another object is to provide a method of designing a variety ofadditional formulation compositions by building upon the basic calciumand magnesium formulation compositions disclosed in this invention, andvariations thereof.

Another object is to provide methods of preparing or manufacturing theabove-mentioned formulations.

Another object is to provide formulation compositions that allowconvenient methods of oral consumption of the formulation ingredients bydiluting or mixing relatively small quantities of the formulationcompositions into drinking water, juices, other beverages, or foods.

Another object is to provide methods of fortifying a beverage or food byadding relatively small quantities of the formulation compositions intodrinking water, juices, other beverages, foods or meals.

Another object is to provide kits as a convenient means for fortifying abeverage or food at point of consumption, or for fortifying a beverageor food at point manufacture for subsequent distribution.

Other objects, advantages and variations of the present invention willbecome obvious to those familiar with the art, and it is intended thatthese objects, advantages and variations are within the scope of thepresent invention. To the accomplishment of the above and relatedobjects, this invention may be embodied in the form described in theaccompanying embodiments and examples, attention being called to thefact however, that these are illustrative only and non-limiting.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A. Definitions

“Water” as used herein refers to purified water which is suitable fordrinking and is reasonably free of contamination from extraneous matteror dissolved substances that could react unfavorably with the otheringredients of the formulations described.

“Water solubility” as used herein means the maximum amount of a compoundor ingredient that will dissolve in pure water at a given temperature.

“Water soluble” (or “water-soluble”) as used herein means an ingredient,element or material capable of dissolving in water, by going into aliquid aqueous state, either spontaneously or by employing commonly usedmethods to aid dissolution such as shaking, mixing, heating, cooling,and adjusting water pH with an acid or base to make the water acidic oralkaline.

The term “stable” as used herein means formulations capable ofmaintaining their dissolved ingredients in solution withoutprecipitating those ingredients out for a minimum of 3 months, morepreferably at least 6 months, even more preferably 9 months and mostpreferably 12 months or more.

The term “room temperature” as used herein is the commonly acceptedrange from 59° to 77° F. (15° to 25° C.) which is suitable for humanoccupancy and at which laboratory experiments are usually performed.

The term “beverage” as used herein means water or any other potableliquid suitable for human or animal consumption in a ready-to-serve,drinkable form.

The term “clear” as used herein means transparent, with few or novisible particulates present, and indicative of formulations with fullydissolved ingredients.

“Saturation” or “point of saturation” as used herein means the point atwhich water will not dissolve any more of a chemical in solution.

As used herein, an ingredient of a formulation composition of theinvention is “compatible” with the composition when it can beincorporated into the composition without making the resultingcomposition unsuitable for its intended use.

“Compound” as used herein refers to a material, element or ingredient.For example, a calcium compound refers to a calcium containing materialthat is either naturally occurring or chemically synthesized, eitherorganic or inorganic in nature, and includes materials or ingredientsreferred to by specialized terms such as chemicals, salts, complexes,chelates, isomers, acids, bases etc.

“Molar” or “Molarity” as used herein is a unit of concentration, andrefers to the number of moles of solute divided by the number of litersof solution.

“Cup” as used herein means a volume of 8 fluid ounces or about 240milliliters. “Cup” may also refer to a drinking vessel that holds thesame volume.

“Serving” of food as used herein refers to the portion of food used as areference on its nutrition label, or is the typical recommended portionof that food to be eaten.

“RDA” as used herein refers to recommended dietary (or daily) allowance,the amount of nutrient intake per day considered necessary formaintenance of good health as set forth in the Recommended Dietary DailyAllowance—Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy ofSciences—National Research Council.

“Juice” as used herein has a meaning ascribed to it by a person ofordinary skill in the art and includes a full strength juice, a juicedrink containing less than 100% juice, a concentrate of juice, or adiluted juice from fruits, vegetables or other produce, which can besqueezed and/or crushed to produce a juice.

“Fruit flavor” as used herein refers to those flavors derived from theedible reproductive part of a seed plant, especially one having a sweetpulp associated with the seed. Also included within the term “fruitflavor” are synthetically prepared flavors made to simulate fruitflavors derived from natural sources.

“Botanical flavor” as used herein refers to flavors derived from partsof a plant other than the fruit. As such, botanical flavors can includethose flavors derived from essential oils and extracts of nuts, bark,roots and leaves. Also included within the term “botanical flavor” aresynthetically prepared flavors made to simulate botanical flavorsderived from natural sources.

“Flavonoid” as used herein refers to a group of phenol-containingcompounds found in plants that may be beneficial for health, and arealso sometimes referred to as bioflavonoids, flavanols, flavonols,flavones, isoflavonoids, neoflavonoids, and polyphenols.

“Emulsion” as used herein refers to a dispersion of minute droplets ofone liquid in another liquid, the two liquids being poorly miscible orimmiscible with each other, and “emulsification” refers to any processof producing an emulsion.

“Suspension” as used herein refers to a dispersion of small particles ofa solid in a liquid, the solid being poorly soluble or insoluble in theliquid. “Suspension” may also refer to any process of producing asuspension.

“Solubilization” or “Solubilize” as used herein refers to makinginsoluble or poorly soluble substance more soluble, by the addition ofsolubilizing agent(s) such as detergents or co-solvents.

“Fortify” as used herein refers to increasing, improving orsupplementing the nutritious value of a food or beverage by addingminerals, vitamins etc.

In certain jurisdictions, there may not be any generally accepteddefinition of the term “comprising.” As used herein, the term“comprising” is intended to represent “open” language which permits theinclusion of any additional elements.

Additional self-explanatory terms, and terms commonly used in the artare utilized at various places in the application.

B. Main Elements of the Formulation Compositions

The formulation compositions of this invention have four majorcategories of ingredients that are described in more detail below. Thesecomprise water, water-soluble calcium compound(s), water-solublemagnesium compound(s), and optional compounds or ingredients that willbe described further. The calcium and magnesium compounds are dissolvedwithin water so that the sum of their concentrations is at least 1 Molaror more; and additional compounds may also be present. All of thecompounds or ingredients are preferably obtained from food grade orhigher quality sources. Alternatively, the compounds are from lowerquality sources, but amenable to purification to make them suitable forhuman or animal use. The compounds may be inorganic or organic, mayexist as anhydrous or hydrated forms, as D or L isomers, as mixtures,and in liquid, solid or gas states.

1. Water

Water (of suitable purity) is chemically denoted as H₂O and comprisesthe first main element. Water is required as a solvent vehicle for thevarious formulation compositions described in this invention. Variousmethods of producing purified water are known in the art and includefiltration, deionization, reverse-osmosis, distillation, among others.Purified water may also be obtained from a natural, reasonably puresource such as from rain or snow.

2. Water-Soluble Calcium Compound(s)

Water-soluble calcium compound(s) such as calcium chloride comprises thesecond main element. The second main element provides calcium which isan essential mineral for human and animal health. There are manywater-soluble calcium compounds suitable for oral ingestion within adietary supplement. The water-soluble compounds may be inorganic ororganic, and may exist as anhydrous or hydrated forms, or as D or Lisomers. These may all be used in the formulation compositions of theinvention, either as a single calcium compound, or as a combination ofcalcium compounds, provided that the selected ingredients are watersoluble to some extent and are compatible with the other dissolvedingredients in the formulation. Various examples of calcium compoundsare provided later in this application.

3. Water-Soluble Magnesium Compound(s)

Water-soluble magnesium compound(s) such as magnesium chloride comprisesthe third main element. The third main element provides magnesium whichis an essential mineral for human and animal health. There are manywater-soluble magnesium compounds suitable for oral ingestion within adietary supplement. The water-soluble compounds may be inorganic ororganic, and may exist as anhydrous or hydrated forms, or as D or Lisomers. These may all be included in the formulation compositions ofthe invention, either as a single magnesium compound, or as acombination of magnesium compounds, provided that the selectedingredients are water soluble to some extent, and are compatible withthe other dissolved ingredients in the formulation. Various examples ofmagnesium compounds are provided later in this application.

4. Optional Ingredients

The formulation compositions of this invention may have additionaloptional ingredients or compounds compatible with the above-mentionedmain elements (i.e. water, water-soluble calcium compound(s) andwater-soluble magnesium compound(s)). The optional ingredients may beadded, for example, to enhance the nutritional profile of thecomposition or improve its organoleptic or physicochemical properties.These optional ingredients may include one or more additional compatiblemineral(s), vitamin(s), antioxidant(s), herbal extract(s), flavonoid(s),flavoring agent(s), sweetener(s), bracer(s), buffering agent(s),coloring agent(s), pH modifier(s), preservative(s), and the like. Thereis no limit to the type or number of optional ingredients which may beincluded, provided that they are suitable for use within a dietarysupplement, and are compatible with the other dissolved ingredients inthe formulation. Although it is preferable that the optional ingredientsare water soluble, even poorly soluble or water-insoluble ingredientsmay be added, by utilizing co-solvents or solubilizing agents, or bypreparing suspensions or emulsions. Various examples of optionalcompounds are provided later in this application.

C. Some Examples of Calcium-, Magnesium-, and Optional Compounds

Some examples of calcium compounds, magnesium compounds, and optionalcompounds (including compatible mineral(s), vitamin(s), antioxidant(s),herbal extract(s), flavonoid(s), flavoring agent(s), sweetener(s),bracer(s), buffering agent(s), coloring agent(s), pH modifier(s),preservative(s), and the like) that may be included in the compositionsof the invention are listed below. It is to be understood that thelisting of compounds is not comprehensive, and represents commonly usedcompounds of varying water solubility that may be suitable for human oranimal use. When present, the optional mineral(s), vitamin(s) etc. aretypically present in amounts sufficient to provide at least about 1%,more preferably at least about 5%, still more preferably at least about10%, even more preferably at least about 20%, and most preferably atleast about 30% of the RDA in a convenient ingestable volume (e.g. about1 teaspoon to 2 tablespoons, or about 5 to 30 ml) of the formulationcomposition, where such RDAs are established. In cases where no RDAs areestablished, such as in the case of many types of optional compound(s)such as antioxidants, herbal extracts, flavonoids, flavoring agents,sweeteners, bracers, buffering agents, coloring agents, pH modifiers andpreservatives, those skilled in the art will understand and utilizeamounts that are generally safe and effective in providing the desiredresults. Much information is available in the art that allows selectionof such amounts, and further, such amounts can also be selected orvaried by means of systematic experimentation.

1. Calcium Compounds

Non-limiting example of calcium compounds that may be included includecalcium acetate, calcium acetylsalicylate, calcium amino acid complexes,calcium ascorbate, calcium aspartate, calcium asparginate, calciumbenzoate, calcium bicarbonate, calcium bisglycinate, calcium bisulfite,calcium borogluconate, calcium bromate, calcium bromide, calciumbromolactobionate, calcium carbonate, calcium caseinate, calciumchlorate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium citrate malate,calcium hydroxycitrate, calcium potassium citrate, calcium cyclamate,calcium diethylacetate, calcium ferrous citrate, calcium formate,calcium fumarate, calcium glubionate, calcium glucarate, calciumgluceptate, calcium gluconate, calcium glutamate, calciumglycerophosphate, calcium glycinate, calcium hexametaphosphate, calciumhistidinate, calcium hydroxyapatite, calcium hydroxide, calciumhypophosphite, calcium iodate, calcium iodide, calcium ketoglutarate,calcium lactate, calcium lactate gluconate, calcium lactate gluconatecitrate, calcium lactobionate, calcium laevulinate, calcium lysinate,calcium magnesium acetate, calcium methionate, calcium malate, calciummethylfolate, calcium nitrate, calcium nitrite, calcium orotate, calciumoxide, calcium pantothenate, calcium perchlorate, calcium permanganate,calcium picolinate, calcium pidolate, mono-, di- and tri-calciumphosphate, calcium propionate, calcium pyruvate, calcium saccharin,calcium silicate, calcium sodium lactate, calcium sorbate, calciumspirulina chelate, calcium stearate, calcium stelate, calcium succinate,calcium sulphate, calcium sulfite, calcium tartrate, calcium threonate,and calcium ureidosuccinate.

2. Magnesium Compounds

Non-limiting example of magnesium compounds that may be included includemagnesium acetate, magnesium acetylsalicylate, magnsium amino acidcomplexes, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium asparaginate, magnesiumaspartate, magnesium benzoate, magnesium bicarbonate, magnesiumbisglycinate, magnesium bromate, magnesium bromide, magnesium carbonate,magnesium chlorate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesiumcitrate malate, magnesium potassium citrate, magnesium formate,magnesium fumarate, magnesium gluceptate, magnesium gluconate, magnesiumglutamate, magnesium glycerophosphate, magnesium glycinate, magnesiumhistidinate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium hypophosphite, magnesiumiodate, magnesium iodide, magnesium lactate, magnesium lactategluconate, magnesium ketoglutarate, magnesium lysinate, magnesiummalate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium nitrite, magnesium orotate,magnesium oxide, magnesium perchlorate, magnesium permanganate,magnesium peroxide, magnesium picolinate, magnesium pidolate, mono-, di-and tri-magnesium phosphate, magnesium propionate, magnesium pyruvate,magnesium saccharin, magnesium salicylate, magnesium selenate, magnesiumpotassium selenate, magneisum silicate, magnesium succinate, magnesiumsulfate, magnesium tartrate, magnesium taurate.

3A. Other Mineral Compounds

Minerals other than calcium and magnesium are well-known in the art.Examples of additional optional mineral(s) that may be included include,but are not limited to, compounds of boron, cobalt, copper, chromium,fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus,potassium, selenium, silicon, silver, sodium, strontium, sulphur,vanadium, zinc and other trace minerals. These may all be used in theformulation compositions of the invention, either as a single compound,or as a combination of compounds, or by in-situ formation such as by areaction between acid and base, provided that the selected ingredientsare compatible with the other dissolved ingredients in the formulation.

Non-limiting example of forms of boron that may be optionally includedinclude boric acid, boric anhydride, boron ascorbate, boron gluconate,boric tartrate, sodium borate, sodium tetrahydroborate, boron citrate,boron glycinate, boron aspartate and boron amino acid complexes.

Non-limiting example of forms of cobalt that may be optionally includedinclude cobalt acetate, cobalt carbonate, cobalt chloride, cobaltglucoheptonate, cobalt gluconate, cobalt sulfate, cobalt amino acidcomplexes, cobalamin, cyanocobalamin, hydroxycobalamin andmethylcobalamin.

Non-limiting forms of copper that may be optionally included include,copper bisglycinate, copper citrate, copper hydroxide carbonate, coppersebacate, copper lysinate, copper gluconate, copper sulfate, copperoxide and copper amino acid complexes.

Non-limiting examples of forms of chromium that may be optionallyincluded include chromic acetate, chromic chloride, chromic lactatehydroxide, chromium nicotinate, chromic nitrate, chromium picolinate,chromic sulfate, and chromium amino acid complexes.

Non-limiting examples of forms of fluorine that may be optionallyincluded include calcium fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium fluoride,and sodium monofluorophosphate.

Non-limiting examples of forms of iodine that may be optionally includedinclude potassium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodate, sodiumiodate, and iodine casein.

Non-limiting examples of forms of iron (ferrous and/or ferric) that maybe optionally included include iron bisglycinate, iron carbonate, irongluconate, iron sulfate, iron fumarate, iron succinate, iron gluconate,iron lactate, iron tartrate, iron taurate, iron ammonium citrate, ironcitrate, iron pidolate, iron picolinate, iron pyrophosphate, ironsaccharate, and iron amino acid complexes.

Non-limiting examples of forms of manganese that may be optionallyincluded include manganese aminoate, manganese ascorbate, manganesebisglycinate, manganese aspartate, manganese arginate, manganesepicolinate, manganese carbonate, manganese chloride, manganese citrate,manganese dioxide, manganese gluconate, manganese glycinate, manganeseglycerophosphate, manganese pidolate, manganese sulfate and manganeseamino acid complexes.

Non-limiting examples of forms of molybdenum that may be optionallyincluded include ammonium molybdate, molybdenum citrate, molybdenumpicolinate, potassium molybdate and sodium molybdate.

Non-limiting examples of nickel compounds that may be optionallyincluded include nickel chloride and nickel sulfate.

Non-limiting examples of forms of phosphorus that may be optionallyincluded include sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts ofphosphoric acids and hydroxylapatite.

Non-limiting examples of forms of potassium that may be optionallyincluded include potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassiumchloride, potassium gluconate, potassium glycerophosphate, potassiumhydroxide, potassium phosphate, potassium citrate, potassium lactate,potassium malate, potassium pyruvate, and potassium amino acidcomplexes.

Non-limiting examples of forms of selenium that may be optionallyincluded include selenium oxide, sodium selenite, sodium selenate,potassium selenide, and organic forms such as selenomethonine andselenocysteine.

Non-limiting examples of forms of silicon that may be optionallyincluded include orthosilicic acid, silica hydride, silicon dioxide,potassium silicate and sodium silicate.

Non-limiting examples of forms of silver that may be optionally includedinclude colloidal silver and silver chelate complexes.

Non-limiting examples of forms of sodium that may be optionally includedinclude sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, sodiumchloride, sodium gluconate, sodium lactate, sodium hydroxide, sodiumphosphate and sodium amino acid complexes.

Non-limiting examples of strontium that may be optionally includedinclude strontium carbonate, strontium lactate, strontium citrate,strontium ralenate, and strontium gluconate.

Non-limiting examples of forms of sulphur that may be optionallyincluded include cysteine, methionine, and methylsulfonylmethane.

Non-limiting examples of forms of vanadium that may be optionallyincluded include bis-oxovanadium, sodium metavanadate, vanadium aminoacid complexes, vanadium aspartate, vanadium citrate, vanadiumglycinate, vanadyl nicotinate, vanadyl sulfate.

Non-limiting examples of forms of zinc that may be optionally includedinclude zinc lactate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc acetate, zincgluconate, zinc glycinate, zinc ascorbate, zinc citrate, zinc arginate,zinc ascorbate, zinc aspartate, zinc bisglycinate, zinc lysinate, zincmalate, zinc picolinate, zinc pidolate, zinc orotate, zinc oxide andzinc amino acid complexes.

3B. Vitamins and Antioxidants

Non-limiting examples of vitamins, antioxidants and related compoundsthat may be optionally included in the formulation compositions of theinvention include biotin, carnitine, coenzyme Q10, choline, folic acid,inositol, lycopene, lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, vitamin A(beta-carotene, carotenoids, retinol, retinol-acetate,retinol-palmitate), vitamin B₁ (thiamine), vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin,cyanocobalamin, dibencozide, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin), vitaminB₂ (riboflavin), vitamin B₃ (niacin, niacinamide), vitamin B₅(pantothenic acid, sodium pantothenate, calcium pantothenate,pantethine), vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5-phosphate,pyridoxamine), vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate salts), vitamin D(cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol), vitamin E (tocopherols,tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone, phtyomenadione,menaquinone).

3C. Herbal Extracts and Flavonoids

Herbal extracts are well known in the art and are also referred to asbotanical extracts. Flavonoids are natural substances present in avariety of plant sources (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and flowers), andare suggested to be beneficial for health. They may also haveantioxidant activity. Herbal extracts and flavonoid(s) which may beoptionally included in the present invention can be extracted from, forexample, fruit, vegetables, green tea, plant parts or mixtures thereof,by any suitable method well known to those skilled in the art.Alternatively, specific herbal compound(s) or flavonoid(s) may beprepared by synthetic or other appropriate biochemical methods andincorporated into the present compositions. Non-limiting examples of themost common flavonoids which are extracted from tea plants and otherplants include, for example, apigenin, catechins, epicatechin,gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechingallate, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, tannins,theaflavins.

3D. Flavoring Agents

Non-limiting examples of flavoring agents that may be included includefruit flavors, botanical flavors, and the like. Non-limiting examples offruit flavors include orange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, apple, grape,cherry, pineapple, fruit punch, strawberry, kiwi, tangerine, raspberry,mango, cocoa, papaya, apricot, passion fruit, and cupuacu. Non-limitingexamples of botanical flavors include kola, tea, aloe vera, guarana,ginseng, ginkgo, hawthorn, hibiscus, rose hips, chamomile, peppermint,fennel, ginger, licorice, lotus, schizandra, saw palmetto, sarsaparilla,safflower, St. Johns Wort, curcuma, cardamom, nutmeg, cassia bark,bunchu, cinnamon, jasmine, chrysanthemum, water chestnut, sugar cane,lychee, bamboo shoots, vanilla, and coffee.

3E. Sweeteners

The compositions of the present invention may optionally contain anappropriate amount of one or more sweetener(s), including carbohydratesweeteners and natural and/or artificial no/low calorie sweeteners. Theamount of the sweetener used in the compositions of the presentinvention typically depends upon the particular sweetener used and thesweetness intensity desired.

The compositions of the present invention can be sweetened with any ofthe carbohydrate sweeteners, preferably monosaccharides and/ordisaccharides. Preferred sugar sweeteners for use in compositions of thepresent invention are sucrose, unrefined cane sugars, honey, agavenectar, fructose, glucose, and mixtures thereof, particularly sucroseand fructose. Fructose can be obtained or provided as liquid fructose,high fructose corn syrup, dry fructose or fructose syrup, but ispreferably provided as high fructose corn syrup.

Non-caloric or low calorie sweeteners may optionally be used in thecompositions of the present invention to sweeten such compositions.Non-limiting examples of such sweeteners include stevia, erythritol,glycerin, licorice, glycyrrhizins, aspartame, saccharine, cyclamates,acesulfame K, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine lower alkyl ester sweeteners,L-aspartyl-D-alanine amides, L-aspartyl-D-serine amides,L-aspartyl-hydroxymethyl alkane amide sweeteners,L-aspartyl-1-hydroxyethylalkane amide sweeteners, and synthetic alkoxyaromatics.

3F. Bracers

As is commonly known in the art, bracers can have a beneficialphysiological effect such as increased mental alertness. Bracers can beobtained by extraction from a natural source or can be syntheticallyproduced. Non-limiting examples of bracers that may be optionallyincluded include methyl xanthines, e.g., caffeine, theobromine, andtheophylline. Additionally, one or more of these bracers are present in,for example, coffee, tea, kola nut, cacao pod, mate, yaupon, guarana,puerh, and yoco. Natural plant extracts from the above sources are thepreferred sources of bracers as they may contain other compounds thatare also desirable.

The most preferred methyl xanthine is caffeine. Caffeine may be obtainedfrom the aforementioned plants or, alternatively, may be syntheticallyprepared. Preferred botanical sources of caffeine which may be utilizedas a complete or partial source of caffeine include green tea, guarana,puerh, mate, black tea, cola nuts, cocoa, and coffee. As used herein,green tea, guarana, coffee, and mate are the most preferred botanicalsources of caffeine, most preferably green tea, guarana, and coffee. Anybracer utilized herein is preferably present in physiologically relevantamounts, which means that the sources used in the practice of thisinvention provide a safe and effective quantity.

3G. Buffering Agents

Buffering agents are well known in the art; non-limiting examplesinclude carbonic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid,succinic acid and various salts of such acids.

3H. Coloring Agents

One or more coloring agent(s) may also be optionally included in theformulation compositions of the invention. Coloring agents may includeFD&C Dyes, FD&C Lakes, or natural coloring agents. Non-limiting examplesof FD&C Dyes include FD&C yellow #5, FD&C blue #2, and FD&C red #40. Nonlimiting examples of FD&C Lakes include FD&C Lake red #40, FD&C Lakeyellow #6, and FD&C Lake blue #1. Non-limiting examples of naturalcoloring agents include fruit, vegetable, and/or plant extracts fromsources such as grape, black currant, aronia, carrot, beetroot, redcabbage, and hibiscus.

3I. pH Modifiers

Optionally, one or more pH modifier(s) may be included to raise or lowerthe pH of the formulation compositions of the invention. The pH of theformulation compositions may be lowered or raised for organolepticeffects, or improving physicochemical properties such as increasingsolubility of the dissolved compounds. The pH modifers can be referredto as acidulants or alkalizing agents. Non-limiting examples ofacidulants are food grade edible acids such as lactic acid, citric acid,malic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, phosphoric acid, gluconic acid,tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, and maleicacid. The pH of the formulation compositions can be adjusted by varyingthe ratio of cations (e.g. calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassiumcations) to acid components. Non-limiting examples of alkalizing agentsare compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calciumhydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.

3J. Preservatives

Non-limiting examples of preservatives that may be optionally includedin the formulation compositions of the invention include acetic acid,citric acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid, sulphur dioxide, potassiumbenzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium sorbate, calciumbenzoate, calcium sorbate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodiumhexametaphosphate, nitrites, sulfites etc. Preservatives may alsoinclude antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, EDTA, BHA, BHT, TBHQ,dehydroacetic acid, dimethydicarbonate, ethoxyquin, and parabens.

D. Some Embodiments of the Formulation Compositions

1x. In one embodiment, the formulation composition is an aqueouscomposition comprising the following ingredients, such that the sum ofconcentrations of the dissolved calcium and magnesium compounds isbetween about 1 molar to the point of saturation:

-   -   a. water;    -   b. one or more dissolved calcium compound(s); and    -   c. one or more dissolved magnesium compound(s).

The sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium and magnesiumcompounds is required to be at least about 1 molar or more since thisprovides relatively high quantities of calcium and/or magnesium in smallvolumes, while also providing microbial resistance, as shown later inmore detail.

2x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the sum of theconcentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolvedmagnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1.5 molar to the point ofsaturation.

3x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the sum of theconcentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolvedmagnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 2 molar to the point ofsaturation.

4x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the sum of theconcentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolvedmagnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1 molar to about 4.2molar.

5x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the sum of theconcentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolvedmagnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1.5 molar to about 4.2molar.

6x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the sum of theconcentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolvedmagnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 2.0 molar to about 4.2molar.

7x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein calcium and magnesium arepresent in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.01 to 100 calcium tomagnesium.

8x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein calcium and magnesium arepresent in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.1 to 10 calcium tomagnesium.

9x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein calcium and magnesium arepresent in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.3 to about 3.2 calciumto magnesium.

10x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the one or more dissolvedcalcium compound(s) are selected from calcium chloride, calcium acetate,calcium amino acid complexes, calcium aminoethyl phosphate, calciumarginate, calcium aspartate, calcium ascorbate, calcium citrate, calciumglubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, calcium bromide,calcium iodide, calcium lactate, calcium malate, calcium orotate, andcalcium pyruvate; and the one more dissolved magnesium compound(s) areselected from magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium aminoacid complexes, magnesium arginate, magnesium aspartate, magnesiumascorbate, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium glycinate,magnesium lactate, magnesium lysinate, magnesium malate, magnesiumorotate, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium pyruvate andmagnesium succinate.

11x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein the one or more dissolvedcalcium compound(s) are selected from calcium chloride and calciumacetate; and the one or more dissolved magnesium compound(s) areselected from magnesium chloride and magnesium acetate.

12x. The composition of embodiment 1x, comprising the dissolvedcompounds of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.

13x. The composition of embodiment 1x, comprising the dissolvedcompounds of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassiumchloride.

14x. The composition of embodiment 1x, further comprising one or moreadditional compatible mineral(s), vitamin(s), antioxidant(s), herbalextract(s), flavonoid(s), flavoring agent(s), sweetener(s), bracer(s),buffering agent(s), coloring agent(s), pH modifier(s), preservative(s).

15x. The composition of embodiment 14x, wherein the additionalcompatible mineral(s) is one or more compound(s) of boron, cobalt,copper, chromium, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,phosphorus, potassium, selenium, silicon, silver, sodium, strontium,vanadium, and zinc.

16x. The composition of embodiment 14x, wherein the additionalcompatible vitamin(s), antioxidant(s), herbal extract(s) or flavonoid(s)is one or more of biotin, carnitine, coenzyme Q10, choline, folic acid,inositol, lycopene, lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, vitamin A, vitaminB₁, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin B₂, vitamin B₃, vitamin B₅, vitamin B₆, vitaminC, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, apigenin, catechins,epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate,epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin,rutin, tannins, and theaflavins.

17x. The composition of embodiment 14x, wherein the additionalcompatible flavor(s) or sweetener(s) is one or more of: fruit flavors oforange, lemon, lime, grapefruit, apple, grape, cherry, pineapple, fruitpunch, strawberry, kiwi, tangerine, raspberry, mango, cocoa, papaya,apricot, passion fruit, and cupuacu; botanical flavors of kola, tea,aloe vera, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo, hawthorn, hibiscus, rose hips,chamomile, peppermint, fennel, ginger, licorice, lotus seed, schizandra,saw palmetto, sarsaparilla, safflower, St. Johns Wort, curcuma,cardamom, nutmeg, cassia bark, bunchu, cinnamon, jasmine, chrysanthemum,water chestnut, sugar cane, lychee, bamboo shoots, vanilla, and coffee;carbohydrate sweeteners of sucrose, unrefined cane sugars, honey, agavenectar, fructose, glucose, high fructose corn syrup; non-caloricsweeteners of stevia, erythritol, glycerin, licorice, glycyrrhizins,aspartame, saccharine, cyclamates, acesulfame K,L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine lower alkyl ester sweeteners,L-aspartyl-D-alanine amides, L-aspartyl-D-serine amides,L-aspartyl-hydroxymethyl alkane amide sweeteners,L-aspartyl-1-hydroxyethylalkane amide sweeteners, and synthetic alkoxyaromatics.

18x. The composition of embodiment 14x, wherein the additionalcompatible bracer(s) is one or more of caffeine, theobromine,theophylline, extracts of cocoa, coffee, tea, green tea, black tea,guarana, kola nuts, cacao pods, mate, puerh, yaupon, and yoco.

19x. The composition of embodiment 14x, wherein the additionalcompatible buffering agent(s), coloring agent(s), pH modifier(s), orpreservative(s) is one or more of: buffering agent of carbonic acid,citric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, succinic acid and varioussalts of such acids; coloring agent of FD&C Dyes, FD&C Lakes, or naturalcoloring agents such as fruit, vegetable, and/or plant extracts ofgrape, black currant, aronia, carrot, beetroot, red cabbage, andhibiscus; pH modifier of lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaricacid, adipic acid, phosphoric acid, gluconic acid, tartaric acid,ascorbic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, sodiumhydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and magnesiumhydroxide; preservative of acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,sorbic acid, sulphur dioxide, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate,sodium benzoate, sodium sorbate, TBIIQ, calcium benzoate, calciumsorbate, sodium citrate, potassium citrate, sodium hexametaphosphate,nitrites, sulfites, ascorbic acid, EDTA, BHA, BHT, TBHQ, dehydroaceticacid, dimethydicarbonate, ethoxyquin, and parabens.

20x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein one or more additionalcompatible ingredient(s) are dissolved, solubilized, emulsified orsuspended within the composition.

21x. The composition of embodiment 1x, wherein one or more of thecalcium or magnesium compound, chelate or complex is formed in situ, asmay occur due to an acid-base reaction in water.

22x. The composition of embodiment 20x, wherein one or more of thecompound, chelate or complex is formed in situ, as may occur due to anacid-base reaction in water.

E. Properties of the Compositions of the Invention

The elements of the formulation compositions need to be suitable forconsumption within a dietary supplement, sufficiently water soluble toprovide at least about 1 molar or higher summed concentration of calciumand magnesium compounds dissolved in water, and compatible with theother ingredients of the formulation. There are several considerationsfor developing useful liquid dietary supplement formulations. The majorconsiderations include sufficient physico-chemical stability of theformulation, and also resistance of the formulation to microbial growthover time during storage and use. There are many liquid dietarysupplements containing calcium and magnesium compounds that arecommercially available or described in prior literature. However, to theinventor's knowledge there are no prior art examples of aqueous liquidformulations that have relatively high concentrations (e.g. at least 1Molar) of dissolved calcium and magnesium compounds in combination, arereasonably stable, and also have inherent resistance to microbial growthin the absence of additional preservatives. The present inventiondiscloses formulation compositions that have these aforementionedcharacteristics, and therefore are new and useful compositions notpreviously available in prior art. Although it is possible to addoptional preservatives to the formulations described in this invention,a very useful feature of these formulations is an inherent resistance tomicrobial growth, and thus the need for adding preservatives can bereduced, minimized or eliminated. This in turn makes the formulationcompositions simpler, more versatile, and more suitable for regular use.

In order to achieve this inherent resistance to microbial growth, theformulation compositions of this invention contain calcium and magnesiumcompounds dissolved at suitable concentrations in water such that thesum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) anddissolved magnesium compound(s) is at least about 1 molar, morepreferably at least about 1.5 molar, and most preferably at least about2 molar or more, up to the point of saturation.

In another embodiment, the formulation composition comprises dissolvedcalcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) in a range ofabout 1 molar to saturation along with excess undissolved solids beingpresent, as in a suspension, or undissolved non-aqueous liquid dropletsbeing present, as in an emulsion. Although fully dissolved and clearliquid formulations are preferable, the compositions of the inventionhave useful characteristics such as beneficial amounts of dissolvedcalcium and magnesium, along with inherent microbial resistance, even ifsome ingredients are present that are poorly soluble. Thus the calcium &magnesium compositions of this invention can be considered as usefulliquid vehicles for the delivery of additional nutritional compounds,whether those additional compounds are sufficiently water soluble ornot.

F. Kits of the Invention

The compositions of the present invention may be utilized in kits asdescribed herein. The kits of the present invention comprise one or morecompositions of the present invention together with information whichinforms a user of the kit, by words, pictures, and/or the like, that useof the kit will provide supplementation of a beverage or food withcalcium and magnesium, and with additional beneficial compounds whereapplicable.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the information is printed on acontainer holding the composition, e.g., a bottle. These preferred kitsmay be in the form of one bottle containing the composition, or may beobtained as a plurality of bottles each containing the composition. Forexample, the kits may be obtained as one bottle, or cases of four, six,seven, or eight bottles co-packaged together. The preferred kits mayalso include one or more dispensing means, such as dispensing cap,dropper, syringe, dispensing pump, small measuring cup, or spoon, forproviding a measured amount of the formulation into a cup or othersuitable quantity of water, juice, other beverage, or food. Thepreferred kits may also include instructions for dispensing and mixingthe composition into a beverage or food. In another preferredembodiment, a kit may provide a large quantity of a formulationcomposition of the present invention to be utilized during manufactureof a fortified beverage or food, for subsequent distribution. In anotherembodiment, a kit may comprise one or more of the formulationcomposition(s) of the present invention, containing instructions to usein combination with, or preferably co-packaged with, one or morecommercially available dietary supplement(s) such as a vitamin product,a multivitamin product, a mineral product, a trace mineral product, aherbal product etc.

G. Methods of the Invention

The formulation compositions described in this invention comprisecalcium and magnesium compounds dissolved in water, wherein the sum ofthe concentrations of these compounds is about 1 molar or more, andwherein additional optional ingredients may be present. Severalembodiments of the compositions have already been described. Somepractical uses are described below.

The compositions may be used to mineralize drinking water with calciumand magnesium compounds, along with other optional minerals, vitamins orother ingredients that are beneficial for health. This is especiallyuseful when the water to be mineralized is deficient in minerals, suchas in the case of distilled or reverse-osmosis filtered waters, rainwater, etc. Mineralizing of water is achieved by adding small quantitiesof the formulation compositions to drinking water.

There are many methods by which a formulation of this invention can beadded to water or other beverages. For example, the formulation may bedispensed directly from a bottle thru a dispensing cap, or it may beadded to the water using a dropper, syringe, spoon, small measuring cup,dispensing pump etc. The quantity to be added depends on the amount ofwater that needs to be mineralized, and the level of mineralizationrequired. Since the formulations of this invention are aqueous liquids,mixing with water is easily achieved. If needed, some mechanical mixingmay be employed to provide a homogenous solution of the mineralizedwater.

The formulations described in this invention can also be used as adietary supplement to increase intake of calcium, magnesium and otheroptional beneficial ingredients that may be present in the formulation.Using the supplement in this manner is especially useful when theindividual taking the supplement has a calcium and/or magnesium mineraldeficiency, or has a diet or condition that can lead to suchdeficiencies. Since the formulations have high concentrations of calciumand magnesium compounds, they are intended to be ingested only afterdilution into water, juice or some other beverage, soup, food or meal.This is achieved simply by adding a measured amount of the formulationinto a cup or other suitable quantity of water, juice or other beverage,soup, food or meal. The measured amount of the formulation compositionadded to the cup of beverage or serving of food may be at least about 1μl, preferably at least about 5 μl, more preferably at least about 25μl, and most preferably at least about 50 μl, which is the approximatevolume of one water drop. The measured amount of the formulationcomposition added to the cup of beverage or serving of food may be up toabout 60 ml (4 tablespoons), preferably up to about 30 ml (2tablespoons), more preferably up to about 15 ml (1 tablespoon), stillmore preferably up to 10 ml (2 teaspoons), and most preferably up toabout 5 mls (1 teaspoon).

The formulations of this invention can also be prepared and used at alarge scale. For example, measured amounts of formulation can be addedto a large vessel or tank to mineralize water, or to manufacture adietary supplement or fortified food. During such manufacturingprocesses, the formulations can be added by either weight or volume, ona continuous or intermittent basis, manually or by using a meteringdevice.

The calcium and magnesium formulations described in this invention canalso be used as a base or vehicle for dietary supplement formulationswith additional optional ingredients. The added ingredients wouldprovide additional desirable characteristics to the basic formulations,such as including additional beneficial minerals, vitamins,antioxidants, herbal extracts, flavonoids, bracers, and/or otherbeneficial ingredients, including pleasant flavors, visually attractivecolors, etc. As a simple illustration of this, some of the formulationsdescribed in Examples 2 and 3 provide the beneficial mineral potassium,along with calcium and magnesium.

The methods of the invention also include methods of designing aformulation composition. In one embodiment, the invention provides amethod of designing an aqueous composition comprising one or moredissolved calcium compound(s) and one or more dissolved magnesiumcompound(s), comprising:

-   -   a. Selecting one or more calcium compound(s) and one or more        magnesium compound(s) for the composition; and    -   b. Determining the amounts of the individual calcium and        magnesium compounds to be included in the composition so that        the sum total dissolved concentration of the calcium and        magnesium compound(s) is at least about 1 molar, preferably at        least about 1.5 molar, and more preferably at least about 2        molar.    -   c. Optionally, selecting or determining amounts of one or more        optional ingredient(s) so that these are compatible with the        dissolved calcium and magnesium formulations.

The methods of the invention include methods of preparation ormanufacture. Various processes may be used to prepare the compositionsthat have been described. Preferably the compositions are prepared byone or more simple processes comprising dissolution or mixing of theingredients into water. However other processes may also be employed.Non-limiting examples of commonly used processes may include mixing ofingredient(s) into an aqueous solution; mixing of one or more aqueoussolution(s); removal of water from dilute composition(s) by evaporation,dialysis, ultrafiltration or freeze-drying to reach the desiredconcentrations of the calcium and magnesium compounds and optionalingredients; and by utilizing combinations of these processes. Further,in the case of poorly soluble optional ingredient(s), solubilization,suspension and/or emulsification processes may be employed.

In the methods of designing or manufacturing compositions of theinvention, non-limiting examples of the compounds that may be selectedinclude one or more of the calcium compounds, the magnesium compounds,or the optional compounds listed earlier in Section C of the detaileddescription.

H. Additional Embodiments of the Invention

Based on the prior sections, additional non-limiting embodiments of thepresent inventions are described below:

31x. A method of fortifying a beverage or food with calcium andmagnesium comprising:

adding at least about 1 μl up to about 60 ml of the composition ofembodiment 1x to about one cup of the beverage or about one serving ofthe food, or adding correspondingly larger or smaller amounts of thecomposition to larger or smaller quantities of the beverage or food.

32x. A method of fortifying a beverage or food with calcium andmagnesium comprising:

adding at least 1 drop or about 50 μl, up to about 30 ml of thecomposition of embodiment 1x to one cup of the beverage or one servingof the food, or adding correspondingly larger or smaller amounts of thecomposition to larger or smaller quantities of the beverage or food.

33x. A method of fortifying a beverage or food with calcium, magnesiumand additional optional ingredient(s), comprising:

adding at least 1 drop or about 50 μl, up to about 30 ml of thecomposition of embodiment 20x to one cup of the beverage or one servingof the food, or adding correspondingly larger or smaller amounts of thecomposition to larger or smaller quantities of the beverage or food.

34x. A method of designing an aqueous composition comprising one or moredissolved calcium compound(s) and one or more dissolved magnesiumcompound(s), comprising:

a. selecting one or more calcium compound(s) and one or more magnesiumcompound(s) to be included in the composition; and

b. selecting or determining the amounts of the individual calcium andmagnesium compounds to be included in the composition so that thedissolved compounds remain soluble and compatible upon storage at roomtemperature, while the sum total concentration of the calciumcompound(s) and the magnesium compound(s) is at least about 1 molar.

35x. The method of embodiment 34x, wherein one or more additionalingredient(s) are included within the composition by a) selecting one ormore additional ingredient(s) to be included within the composition andb) selecting or determining the amount(s) of the additional ingredientssuch that the dissolved compound(s) remain soluble and compatible uponstorage at room temperature.

36x. The method of embodiment 34x, wherein one or more additionalingredient(s) are included within the composition by a) selecting one ormore additional ingredient(s) to be included within the composition andb) selecting or determining the amount(s) of the additionalingredient(s) such that the additional ingredient(s) are dissolved,solubilized, emulsified or suspended within the composition.

37x. The method of embodiment 34x, wherein the one or more calciumcompound(s) are selected from calcium chloride, calcium acetate, calciumamino acid complexes, calcium aminoethyl phosphate, calcium arginate,calcium aspartate, calcium ascorbate, calcium citrate, calciumglubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, calcium bromide,calcium iodide, calcium lactate, calcium malate, calcium orotate, andcalcium pyruvate; and the one more dissolved magnesium compound(s) areselected from magnesium chloride, magnesium acetate, magnesium aminoacid complexes, magnesium arginate, magnesium aspartate, magnesiumascorbate, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium glycinate,magnesium lactate, magnesium lysinate, magnesium malate, magnesiumorotate, magnesium bromide, magnesium iodide, magnesium pyruvate andmagnesium succinate

38x. A method of manufacture of the composition of embodiment 1x,wherein the composition is prepared by a process comprising one or moreof: mixing of ingredient(s) into water or aqueous solution; mixing ofone or more aqueous solutions; or removal of water from dilutecomposition(s) by evaporation, dialysis, ultrafiltration, orfreeze-drying.

39x. A method of manufacture of the composition of embodiment 20x,wherein the composition is prepared by a process comprising one or moreof : mixing of ingredient(s) into water or aqueous solution; mixing ofone or more aqueous solution(s); removal of water from dilutecomposition(s) by evaporation, dialysis, ultrafiltration, orfreeze-drying; incorporation of poorly soluble ingredient(s) bysolubilization; incorporation of poorly soluble liquid ingredient(s) byemulsification; or incorporation of poorly soluble solid ingredient(s)by suspension.

40x. A kit comprising the composition of embodiment 1x

41x. A kit comprising the composition of embodiment 20x.

42x. A kit comprising the embodiment of 1x or 20x, copackaged with oneor more commercially available vitamin product, multivitamin product,mineral product or herbal product.

EXAMPLES

The examples provided below explain the compositions of the inventionfurther, and also demonstrate several of the embodiments. The examplesare illustrative only, and variations may be made in the specificcompositions as described within the scope of this application.

Example 1

Twenty five formulations were made with different concentrations ofcalcium chloride and magnesium chloride dissolved in distilled water.The formulations contained various ratios of elemental calcium toelemental magnesium in the formulations, as shown in Table 1. For eachof these ratios, formulations were prepared at a total concentration(sum of calcium and magnesium compound concentrations) of 1M, 1.5M,2.0M, 2.5M, and 3.0M. All the formulations were visually clear,demonstrating full dissolution of the calcium and magnesium compounds. Abacterial suspension of E. coli was spiked into aliquots of each ofthese 25 formulations and mixed. A positive control was also prepared,by spiking and mixing the same E. coli suspension in distilled water.The spiked samples were incubated for 1 day at room temperature, anddilutions were then plated on Petrifilm plates (designed for totalaerobic counts) to evaluate microbial growth or inhibition. The resultsare summarized in Table 1. Relative to the positive control, microbialgrowth was somewhat reduced (approx 2-fold) in the formulations having atotal calcium & magnesium compound concentration of 1M. In contrast,microbial growth was significantly reduced (approx 10-fold reduction) inthe formulations having total summed concentration of 1.5 M. Themicrobial count reduction observed was approx 100-fold or greater, andpractically no bacterial counts were observed for the spikedformulations where the sum of the calcium and magnesium compounds was2M, 2.5M or 3M, irrespective of the ratio of calcium to magnesium.

TABLE 1 Calcium Magnesium % RDA* chloride chloride Calcium to inFormulation concentration concentration Magnesium Total salt VisualMicrobial 5 ml Code (M) (M) ratio conc. (M) appearance inhibition (Ca,Mg) CM2A1.0 0.76 0.24 3.2 1.0 Clear Slight 15, 7  CM2B1.0 0.6 0.4 1.51.0 Clear Slight 12, 12 CM2C1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 Clear Slight 10, 15CM2D1.0 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.0 Clear Slight  8, 18 CM2E1.0 0.24 0.76 0.3 1.0Clear Slight  5, 23 CM2A1.5 1.14 0.36 3.2 1.5 Clear Significant 23, 11CM2B1.5 0.89 0.61 1.5 1.5 Clear Significant 18, 18 CM2C1.5 0.75 0.75 1.01.5 Clear Significant 15, 23 CM2D1.5 0.61 0.89 0.7 1.5 Clear Significant12, 27 CM2E1.5 0.36 1.14 0.3 1.5 Clear Significant  7, 35 CM2A2.0 1.520.48 3.2 2.0 Clear High 31, 14 CM2B2.0 1.19 0.81 1.5 2.0 Clear High 24,25 CM2C2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Clear High 20, 30 CM2D2.0 0.81 1.19 0.7 2.0Clear High 16, 36 CM2E2.0 0.48 1.52 0.3 2.0 Clear High 10, 46 CM2A2.51.9 0.6 3.2 2.5 Clear High 38, 18 CM2B2.5 1.49 1.01 1.5 2.5 Clear High30, 31 CM2C2.5 1.25 1.25 1.0 2.5 Clear High 25, 38 CM2D2.5 1.01 1.49 0.72.5 Clear High 20, 45 CM2E2.5 0.6 1.9 0.3 2.5 Clear High 12, 58 CM2A3.02.29 0.71 3.2 3.0 Clear High 46, 22 CM2B3.0 1.79 1.21 1.5 3.0 Clear High36, 37 CM2C3.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 3.0 Clear High 30, 46 CM2D3.0 1.21 1.79 0.73.0 Clear High 24, 54 CM2E3.0 0.71 2.29 0.3 3.0 Clear High 14, 69 *RDA:recommended daily allowance, based on a standard 2000 calorie diet

Example 2

Sixteen formulation compositions were prepared in four sets as describedbelow, and shown in Table 2. The first set of formulations was preparedwith calcium chloride and magnesium acetate dissolved in distilledwater. The second set was prepared with calcium acetate and magnesiumchloride dissolved in distilled water. The third set was prepared withcalcium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium acetate and magnesiumacetate dissolved in distilled water. The fourth set was prepared withcalcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride dissolvedin distilled water. Within each set, four formulations were prepared ata total summed calcium and magnesium compound concentration of 1M, 1.5M,2.0M, and 2.5M. All formulations were visually clear, demonstrating fulldissolution of the compounds. A bacterial suspension of E. coli wasspiked into aliquots of each of these 16 formulations and mixed. Apositive control was also prepared, by spiking and mixing the same E.coli suspension in distilled water. The spiked samples were incubatedfor 1 day at room temperature, and dilutions were then plated onPetrifilm plates (designed for total aerobic counts) to evaluatemicrobial growth or inhibition. The results are summarized in Table 2.Relative to the positive control, microbial growth was somewhat reduced(approx 2-fold) in the formulations having a total summed concentrationof 1M. In contrast, microbial growth was significantly reduced (approx10-fold) in the formulations having total summed concentration of 1.5 M.Further, the microbial count reduction was approx 100-fold or greater,and there were practically no bacterial counts observed for the spikedformulations where the sum of the calcium and magnesium compounds was 2Mor 2.5M, irrespective of the ratio of calcium to magnesium, or thespecific type of compound used. These results were consistent with theresults seen earlier in Example 1, and show that the formulationsbehaved consistently when other compounds of calcium and magnesium wereused in various combinations, and also when an additional optionalcompound was added. Further, the 16 formulations were passed thru a 0.2micron pore-size filter to remove any extraneous particulates, andstored at room temperature in plastic tubes with caps. They wereinspected after 3 months and then again after 13 months, and all theformulations remained clear and soluble, with no evidence of microbialgrowth.

TABLE 2 Calcium Magnesium Ca & Mg % RDA CaCl₂ MgCl₂ acetate acetate KClsalts sum in Formula conc. conc. conc. conc. conc. conc. VisualMicrobial 5 ml Code (M) (M) (M) (M) (M) (M) Appearance inhibition (Ca,Mg) CM3A1.0 0.67 — — 0.33 — 1.0 Clear Slight 13, 10 CM3A1.5 1.0 — — 0.5— 1.5 Clear Significant 20, 15 CM3A2.0 1.34 — — 0.66 — 2.0 Clear High27, 20 CM3A2.5 1.67 — — 0.83 — 2.5 Clear High 33, 25 CM4A1.0 — 0.67 0.33— — 1.0 Clear Slight  7, 20 CM4A1.5 — 1.0 0.5 — — 1.5 Clear Significant10, 30 CM4A2.0 — 1.34 0.66 — — 2.0 Clear High 13, 41 CM4A2.5 — 1.67 0.83— — 2.5 Clear High 17, 51 CM5A1.0 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 — 1.0 Clear Slight 10,15 CM5A1.5 0.6 0.6 0.15 0.15 — 1.5 Clear Significant 15, 23 CM5A2.0 0.80.8 0.2 0.2 — 2.0 Clear High 20, 30 CM5A2.5 1.0 1.0 0.25 0.25 — 2.5Clear High 25, 38 CM6A1.0 0.5 0.5 — — 0.25 1.0 Clear Slight 10, 15CM6A1.5 0.75 0.75 — — 0.3 1.5 Clear Significant 15, 23 CM6A2.0 1.0 1.0 —— 0.4 2.0 Clear High 20, 30 CM6A2.5 1.25 1.25 — — 0.5 2.5 Clear High 25,38

Example 3

Two formulations were prepared in distilled water, with even greaterconcentrations of calcium and magnesium compounds as compared to priorexamples (total summed concentration of about 4.2 M) as compared to theearlier examples. It should be noted that the formulations presented inthis example are close to the point of saturation. One of theseformulations was prepared with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride;and the other formulation included a third compound (potassium chloride)along with the calcium and magnesium compounds, as shown in Table 3. Itshould be noted that inclusion of the potassium compound within one ofthe formulations demonstrates inclusion of an additional optionalingredient. The formulations were passed thru a 0.2 micron pore-sizefilter to remove any extraneous particulates, and stored at roomtemperature in plastic bottles with dispensing caps. These formulationswere tested a) for mineralizing reverse-osmosis (RO) filtered drinkingwater, and b) for dietary supplementation. Mineralization of water wasaccomplished by adding one or more drop(s) of formulation to an emptycup of water, and then filling the cup with RO filtered, or distilledwater. Mineralized water consistently tasted better (normal) as comparedto RO filtered or distilled waters, due to the presence of addedminerals. The presence of added minerals was confirmed by conductivitymeasurements to estimate total dissolved solids (TDS). Typically, theTDS value of RO filtered water was 5 ppm and the TDS value of distilledwater was less than 1 ppm. The addition of a single drop (approx 50 μL)of any one of the two formulations of this example to a standard size 8oz. cup of RO or distilled water resulted in a TDS of about 100 ppm.Additional dietary supplementation of calcium and magnesium wasaccomplished in a manner similar to the mineralization of water, byadding larger quantities (up to one teaspoon) of formulation to a cup ofwater or juice, and then drinking the entire contents. The formulationstaken in this manner had a distinct taste when diluted in water.However, the taste was masked when diluted in juice.

The formulations were inspected after 3 months and remained as clearliquids, with no evidence of microbial growth. The formulations wereinspected again after 13 months, and remained clear liquids with noevidence of microbial growth. Since these formulations contain simplecompounds of calcium and magnesium, there is no concern of any chemicaldegradation. Since these formulations also inhibit any microbial growth,they are expected to have a long shelf life of several years when storedin closed containers, and refrigeration is not needed. Thus theseformulations are physically and chemically stable, do not allowbacterial growth, and are convenient to store and use.

TABLE 3 Typical TDS* (ppm) of % RDA of mineralized Calcium, water, afterMagnesium, Microbial adding 2 drops Potassium MgCl₂ KCl Visual growthafter (approx 100 μL) in Formula CaCl₂ conc. conc. appearance after 13months of formulation to 1 teaspoon Code conc. (M) (M) (M) 13 monthsstorage storage 8 oz RO** water (5 ml) CM1 2.5 1.65 — Clear No 205 50,50, NA CMK1 2.5 1.65 0.45 Clear No 220 50, 50, 2.5 *TDS: Total dissolvedsolids, based on conductivity (with sodium chloride reference) **ROwater: reverse-osmosis filtered (purified and demineralized) water. TDSof RO water was typically 5 ppm.

Example 4

Two drops of formulation CM1 mentioned in Table 3 are added to one 8 ozcup of water. Drinking 8 such cups of mineralized water a day willprovide about 8% of the recommended intake of calcium and magnesium,based on a standard 2000 calorie diet. If two drops of formulation CMK1mentioned in Table 3 are used instead of CM1, drinking 8 such cups ofmineralized water a day will provide about 8% of the recommended intakeof calcium and magnesium, along with a trace quantity of potassium,which also helps to slightly improve the water taste.

Example 5

In the case of formulation CMK1 mentioned in Table 3, 1 teaspoon isadded into a cup of water. Consuming the entire contents of the cup willprovide 50% of the recommended daily intake amount of calcium andmagnesium, along with about 2.5% of the recommended intake of potassium,based on a standard 2000 calorie diet. Alternatively, the formulation isadded to a cup of juice or beverage, or added to a serving of soup orsome other suitable food, if taste masking of the formulationingredients is desired. As described in an earlier section, it is alsopossible to add sweeteners or flavors for improved taste. Further, asdescribed in an earlier section, a variety of optional ingredients maybe added to the basic calcium and magnesium compositions described inthis and the earlier examples. Therefore, the calcium and magnesiumcompositions of the invention, described in earlier embodiments andwithin the examples shown in the above tables, serve as a useful basevehicle for additional ingredients, allow convenient storage whileinhibiting microbial growth, and allow consumption in a convenientmanner while providing useful minerals along with additional dietaryingredients.

The examples provided in the above section demonstrate several of theembodiments, and also provide several variations of the formulationcompositions of the invention. Further, formulations within the scope ofthe invention can be varied easily by changing concentrations of calciumor magnesium compounds, and by adding additional optional ingredients.Variations or alternative embodiments of the present invention will beobvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended that thesevariations are within the scope of the present invention.

What has been described and illustrated herein are preferred embodimentsof the invention along with some variations. The terms and descriptionsused herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meantas limitations. Those skilled in the art will recognize that manyvariations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention inwhich all terms are meant in their broadest, reasonable sense unlessotherwise indicated. Any headings utilized within the description arefor convenience only and have no legal or limiting effect.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An aqueous composition comprising: a. water; b. one or more dissolved calcium compound(s); and c. one or more dissolved magnesium compound(s); wherein the sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1 molar to the point of saturation.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1.5 molar to the point of saturation.
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 2 molar to the point of saturation.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1 molar to about 4.2 molar.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 1.5 molar to about 4.2 molar.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sum of the concentrations of the dissolved calcium compound(s) and dissolved magnesium compound(s) is in the range of about 2.0 molar to about 4.2 molar.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein calcium and magnesium are present in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.01 to 100 calcium to magnesium.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein calcium and magnesium are present in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.1 to 10 calcium to magnesium.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein calcium and magnesium are present in a molar ratio in the range of about 0.3 to about 3.2 calcium to magnesium.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more dissolved calcium compound(s) are selected from calcium chloride and calcium acetate and the one or more dissolved magnesium compound(s) are selected from magnesium chloride and magnesium acetate.
 11. The composition of claim 1, comprising the dissolved compounds of calcium chloride and magnesium chloride.
 12. The composition of claim 1, comprising the dissolved compounds of calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and potassium chloride.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein one or more additional compatible ingredients are dissolved, solubilized, emulsified, or suspended within the composition.
 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein one or more of the dissolved compounds is formed in situ within the composition.
 15. A method of fortifying a beverage or food with calcium and magnesium utilizing the composition of claim 1 comprising: adding at least about 1 μl up to about 60 ml of the composition of claim 1 to about one cup of the beverage or to about one serving of the food, or adding correspondingly smaller or larger amounts of the composition to smaller or larger quantities of the beverage or food.
 16. A method of fortifying a beverage or food with calcium and magnesium utilizing the composition of claim 1 comprising: adding at least about 50 μl up to about 30 ml of the composition of claim 1 to about one cup of the beverage or to about one serving of the food, or adding correspondingly smaller or larger amounts of the composition to smaller or larger quantities of the beverage or food.
 17. A method of fortifying a beverage or food with calcium, magnesium and additional optional ingredients, utilizing the composition of claim 13, comprising: adding at least about 50 μl up to about 30 ml of the composition of claim 13 to about one cup of the beverage or to about one serving of the food, or adding correspondingly smaller or larger amounts of the composition to smaller or larger quantities of the beverage or food.
 18. A method of designing an aqueous composition comprising one or more dissolved calcium compound(s) and one or more dissolved magnesium compound(s), comprising: a. selecting one or more calcium compound(s) and one or more magnesium compound(s) to be included in the composition; and b. selecting or determining the amounts of the individual calcium and magnesium compounds to be included in the composition so that the dissolved compounds remain soluble and compatible upon storage at room temperature, while the sum total concentration of the calcium compound(s) and the magnesium compound(s) is at least about 1 molar.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein one or more additional ingredient(s) are included within the composition by a) selecting one or more additional ingredient(s) to be included within the composition and b) selecting or determining the amount(s) of the additional ingredients such that the dissolved compound(s) remain soluble and compatible upon storage at room temperature.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein one or more additional ingredient(s) are included within the composition by a) selecting one or more additional ingredient(s) to be included within the composition and b) selecting or determining the amount(s) of the additional ingredient(s) such that the additional ingredient(s) are dissolved, solubilized, emulsified or suspended within the composition.
 21. A kit comprising the composition of claim
 1. 22. A kit comprising the composition of claim
 13. 23. A method of manufacture of the composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is prepared by a process comprising one or more of: mixing of ingredient(s) into water or aqueous solution; mixing of one or more aqueous solution(s); or removing water from dilute composition(s).
 24. A method of manufacture of the composition of claim 13, wherein the composition is prepared by a process comprising one or more of: mixing of ingredient(s) into water or aqueous solution; mixing of one or more aqueous solution(s); removing water from dilute composition(s); or incorporating poorly soluble ingredient(s). 